Solemnity of Christ the King

Solemnity of Christ the King: Jesus Christ, King of the Universe

The Solemnity of Our Lord Jesus Christ, King of the Universe, is celebrated on the last Sunday of each liturgical year. Pope Pius XI established this feast in 1925 through his encyclical Quas primas to address the growing secularism and atheism of the time. Recognizing the danger of excluding Jesus Christ and His teachings from public life, the Pope reminded the faithful that while worldly governments and ideologies may falter, Christ reigns eternally.

This solemnity invites us to acknowledge Christ’s sovereignty over all creation and to live under His reign in every aspect of our lives—mind, will, heart, and body.

Christ’s Kingship in Sacred Scripture

Old Testament Foundations

1. Daniel 7:14
   “ To him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him; his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away.”
   Daniel’s vision of the “Son of Man” foreshadows Christ’s universal and eternal kingship.

2. Psalm 2:6-8
   “I have set my King on Zion, my holy hill. ... Ask of me, and I will make the nations your heritage, and the ends of the earth your possession.”
   This psalm celebrates the divine authority granted to God’s anointed King.

3. Isaiah 9:6-7
   “For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder.”
   Isaiah’s prophecy points to Jesus, the King whose reign will bring everlasting peace.

New Testament Fulfillment

1. John 18:36-37
   Jesus declared before Pilate: “My kingdom is not of this world. ... For this purpose, I was born and for this purpose I have come into the world—to bear witness to the truth.”
   His kingdom is spiritual, transcending earthly power.

2. Revelation 19:16
   “On his robe and on his thigh he has a name written, King of kings and Lord of lords.”
   The Book of Revelation affirms Christ’s ultimate victory and eternal rule.

3. Matthew 25:31-34
   “When the Son of Man comes in his glory... then he will sit on his glorious throne.”
   Christ is depicted as the divine King who will judge the nations.

4. Colossians 1:13-20
   “He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation... in him all things hold together.”
   St. Paul highlights Christ’s sovereignty over all creation and His role in salvation.

5. Philippians 2:9-11
   “At the name of Jesus every knee should bow... and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord.”
   This passage celebrates the universal acknowledgment of Christ’s kingship.

The Theology of Christ’s Kingship

Christ’s kingship is rooted in the mystery of the Incarnation. As Pope Pius XI writes in Quas primas:“By reason of the hypostatic union, Christ has power over all creatures. ... Christ is to be adored by angels and men, who must recognize his empire.” (Quas primas, 13).

Christ reigns not only as the eternal Son of God but also as the Incarnate Word who suffered, died, and rose again. His kingship is not one of domination but of love, service, and sacrifice.

Living Under Christ’s Reign

Pope Pius XI challenges us to let Christ reign in every aspect of our lives:

1. In our minds: By embracing revealed truths and living in harmony with the teachings of the Church.
2. In our wills: By seeking God’s will above our own desires.
3. In our hearts: By loving God above all things.
4. In our bodies: By using our actions to glorify God, as St. Paul writes, “as instruments of justice unto God” (Quas primas, 33).

Celebrating Christ the King

In today’s world, faith is often relegated to private life, but the Church calls us to proclaim Christ’s kingship publicly. Pope Pius XI encourages acts of faith that honor Jesus as King:

• Participation in Eucharistic adoration.
• Public processions and celebrations.
• Living out the Gospel in society through acts of charity and justice.

A Call to Action

The Solemnity of Christ the King reminds us that Jesus is not only the King of our hearts but also the King of the universe. As we celebrate this feast, let us echo the words of Revelation:

“To him who loves us and has freed us from our sins by his blood... to him be glory and dominion forever and ever. Amen.” (Revelation 1:5-6)

Let Christ reign in your life today and every day. May His kingdom come, and His will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.

Eternal Remembrance: A Day for All Souls

 Eternal Remembrance: A Day for All Souls

Understanding All Souls' Day in Christianity

All Souls' Day, celebrated on November 2nd, is a sacred day of remembrance in the Christian tradition. It is a time when the faithful honor and pray for the souls of the deceased, especially those still journeying through purgation. Rooted in the Catholic teaching on purgatory, All Souls' Day invites Christians to intercede for those who have departed, offering prayers and Masses for their purification.

The concept finds its foundation in biblical passages such as 2 Maccabees 12:46, which emphasizes that "it is a holy and pious thought to pray for the dead, that they may be loosed from sins." In the New Testament, the parable of Lazarus and the rich man (Luke 16:19-31) also suggests an ongoing journey beyond death, echoing a need for mercy and redemption. 

Biblical Reflections on the Afterlife

The Bible offers insights into the mystery of the afterlife. In John 5:24, Jesus teaches, “Whoever hears my word and believes… has eternal life; he does not come into judgment but has passed from death to life.” This passage speaks of a promise of life beyond the grave for those who believe, inviting Christians to live with hope. Meanwhile, Revelation 21:4 reminds us that "He will wipe every tear from their eyes," presenting a vision of ultimate reconciliation and peace.

Honoring All Souls with a Prayerful Heart

On All Souls' Day, Christians are encouraged to remember loved ones who have passed, lighting candles and offering prayers. These acts serve as reminders that death does not sever our bonds; instead, they affirm our faith in a God who holds all souls in His eternal embrace. 

As we mark this sacred day, let us carry forward a legacy of love, inspired by the teachings of both Christianity and the wisdom of those like Gandhi. May our prayers bring comfort and hope, bridging worlds seen and unseen, united by faith and compassion.

Diwali in the Light of the Bible

Introduction

Diwali, known as the "Festival of Lights," celebrates the triumph of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance. This celebration resonates deeply with the teachings of the Bible, which emphasizes God's light and love shining through darkness.

God as Light

In the Bible, light symbolizes God’s presence, guidance, and salvation. Psalm 27:1 proclaims, "The Lord is my light and my salvation—whom shall I fear?" Just as Diwali fills homes with lamps and candles, inviting warmth and clarity, so does God’s light bring peace and direction to those who trust in Him. Jesus said, "I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness but will have the light of life" (John 8:12).

Overcoming Darkness

Diwali is also a reminder of the victory of light over darkness. This theme is central in the Bible. John 1:5 says, "The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it." Darkness symbolizes ignorance, sin, and hopelessness, while light represents truth, purity, and hope. Believers are called to carry God’s light and stand against darkness, just as Diwali celebrates this very triumph.

Spiritual Cleansing and Renewal

Diwali is often associated with cleaning one’s home and heart to welcome blessings. Similarly, the Bible speaks about inner renewal. 1 John 1:9 encourages, "If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us and cleanse us from all unrighteousness." Through faith in Christ, we find true spiritual cleansing and begin a renewed life that reflects God’s holiness.

Being Lights in the World

Jesus urges His followers to be "the light of the world" (Matthew 5:14-16). Just as Diwali spreads light and hope to others, Christians are called to reflect God’s light through acts of love, kindness, and truth. When we live with compassion and integrity, we illuminate the world around us, showing others the path to God’s peace and joy.

Conclusion

Diwali’s message of light, renewal, and triumph over darkness beautifully aligns with Biblical principles. As we reflect on this celebration, let us also remember our call to be lights in the world, sharing God’s love and hope with all we encounter. Through this, we fulfill God’s purpose in us, radiating His eternal light that dispels darkness.

Saint Hilarion

 

Saint Hilarion (c. 291–371 AD) is considered the founder of monasticism in Palestine and is one of the earliest known Christian hermits. Born in Gaza, Hilarion was sent to Alexandria for education, where he became a Christian. Inspired by the life of Saint Anthony of Egypt, the father of desert monasticism, Hilarion visited him and later adopted the ascetic life, retreating into the wilderness near his home to live in solitude.

Hilarion's fame spread as stories of his miracles and holy life attracted disciples. He reluctantly became a spiritual guide to many who sought him, but he constantly sought isolation to focus on prayer and contemplation. Hilarion is credited with performing numerous miracles, including healing the sick, exorcising demons, and controlling the forces of nature, though he always sought to avoid fame. Despite his attempts to live a life of solitude, he established monasteries in various locations as he moved from place to place, including Egypt, Cyprus, and Sicily.

Hilarion's significance in the Church lies in his role in spreading monasticism beyond Egypt to the Holy Land and the Mediterranean region. His way of life, which combined contemplation with missionary work and service to others, influenced the development of Christian monastic practices. He is also remembered for his miracles and for his deep humility, which made him a model for monks and ascetics throughout the centuries.

His feast day is celebrated on October 21, honoring his contribution to the spiritual life of the Church and his foundational role in Eastern monasticism.

Saints Isaac Jogues, Jean de Brébeuf

 

Saints Isaac Jogues, Jean de Brébeuf, and their companions are revered as martyrs and missionaries who played a significant role in the early evangelization efforts in North America, particularly among the indigenous peoples. Here’s a brief overview for your blog post:

Saints Isaac Jogues and Jean de Brébeuf

1. Isaac Jogues:

   - Born in France in 1607, Isaac Jogues joined the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and was ordained a priest in 1636.  - He volunteered for the missions in New France (Canada) and arrived in Quebec in 1636. He worked primarily among the Huron and Algonquin tribes.

2. Jean de Brébeuf:

   - Jean de Brébeuf was born in France in 1593 and joined the Jesuits in 1617. He was known for his zeal and dedication to the missionary cause.  - He arrived in Quebec in 1625 and spent most of his missionary life among the Huron people in what is now Ontario.

Missionary Work and Martyrdom

1. Missionary Work:

   - Both Jogues and Brébeuf, along with their companions, faced harsh conditions, including extreme cold, disease, and the challenges of adapting to a new culture.

   - They worked tirelessly to learn the languages and customs of the indigenous peoples, aiming to spread the Christian faith and provide spiritual guidance.

2. Martyrdom:

   - In 1642, Isaac Jogues was captured by Mohawk warriors while traveling to a mission and endured severe torture before being killed.

   - Jean de Brébeuf, along with several other missionaries, was captured and tortured by the Iroquois in 1649. He endured prolonged suffering before being martyred.

   - Their martyrdoms, marked by incredible courage and faithfulness to their mission, became a powerful testimony to the indigenous peoples and to the Church.

Significance in the Church

1. Spiritual Legacy:

   - The martyrs of North America, including Jogues and Brébeuf, are celebrated for their heroic witness to the faith and their willingness to sacrifice everything for the sake of Christ.

   - Their lives inspire Catholics to deepen their commitment to evangelization and to embrace the challenges and sacrifices that come with spreading the Gospel.

2. Canonization:

   - Isaac Jogues, Jean de Brébeuf, and their companions were canonized by the Catholic Church as part of the group known as the North American Martyrs on June 29, 1930, by Pope Pius XI.

   - They are honored collectively on October 19 each year, commemorating their martyrdom and legacy of faith.

Their story is a testament to the enduring spirit of missionary zeal and the universal call to proclaim the Gospel to all peoples, reflecting the early Church's commitment to evangelization in challenging and diverse environments.

Saint Luke, Evangelist

 

Saint Luke, traditionally considered the author of the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, played a critical role in the early Church's mission of spreading the faith. His writings are crucial to understanding the life of Jesus and the growth of the early Christian community.

1. Early Life and Background: Luke was a physician by profession, and it is widely believed that he was a Gentile convert to Christianity. His detailed knowledge of medicine and his precision in writing reflect his background as an educated man. He is thought to have been born in Antioch, although much of his early life remains unknown.

2. Role as an Evangelist: Saint Luke’s Gospel is one of the Synoptic Gospels, and it provides a rich account of Jesus' life, ministry, death, and resurrection. His Gospel emphasizes the compassion of Jesus, especially toward the poor, women, and sinners. It also highlights themes of mercy, forgiveness, and universal salvation.

3. Author of Acts of the Apostles: Luke’s second major work, the Acts of the Apostles, is a historical account of the early Christian Church after Jesus' Ascension. This book is vital in understanding how the Apostles, especially St. Paul, spread Christianity across the Roman Empire. Acts documents the growth of the Church and the challenges faced by early Christians.

4. Close Companion of St. Paul: Luke was a close companion of St. Paul and accompanied him on several missionary journeys. Paul refers to Luke as "the beloved physician" in his letter to the Colossians (Colossians 4:14), and Luke was with Paul during his final imprisonment in Rome (2 Timothy 4:11). His role as a traveling companion and chronicler helped preserve the early Church’s story.

5. Role in Propagating the Faith: Luke’s contributions to spreading the Christian faith are significant because his Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles form a large portion of the New Testament. These writings have shaped Christian understanding of Jesus' message and the mission of the Church. His works focus on inclusion, with particular emphasis on bringing the message of salvation to all people, both Jews and Gentiles.

6. Patron Saint: Luke is the patron saint of artists, physicians, and surgeons. His feast day is celebrated on October 18.

Luke’s writings were instrumental in portraying the inclusive and compassionate message of Christianity, and his efforts, alongside Paul, helped lay the foundation for the Church's mission to reach all nations.

Saint John XXIII

 

Saint John XXIII, born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli on November 25, 1881, in Sotto il Monte, Italy, was a humble and deeply spiritual man who became one of the most influential popes of the 20th century. He was elected as pope on October 28, 1958, and served until his death on June 3, 1963. Though many saw him as a transitional figure, his papacy was transformative. 

1. Early Life and Priesthood: Angelo Roncalli was the fourth of 13 children in a poor farming family. He entered the seminary at a young age and was ordained a priest in 1904. His early ministry included work as a church historian and later serving in diplomatic roles in Bulgaria, Turkey, and France, where he was known for his pastoral care and diplomacy.

2. Papacy: John XXIII was elected at the age of 76, and many expected his papacy to be uneventful. However, he surprised the world by calling the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), which aimed to renew the Church and address the challenges of the modern world. His vision was to "throw open the windows of the Church" and foster dialogue with all people, including non-Catholics and non-Christians.

3. Second Vatican Council: One of his most significant contributions, Vatican II brought about major changes in the Catholic Church's liturgy, practices, and attitudes towards the modern world. It encouraged greater participation by the laity, the use of local languages in the liturgy, and a renewed focus on social justice, ecumenism, and peace.

4. Social Teachings: John XXIII wrote important encyclicals like *Mater et Magistra* (1961) and *Pacem in Terris* (1963), both of which emphasized the Church's role in promoting human dignity, social justice, and world peace, particularly during the Cold War period.

5. Canonization: Known for his humility, warmth, and sense of humor, John XXIII was beloved by many. He was canonized by Pope Francis on April 27, 2014, alongside Pope John Paul II. He is remembered as "The Good Pope."

Archangels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael

 Introduction

Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael are the three archangels recognized in the Christian tradition, especially in Catholicism. They are celebrated together on **September 29** in a feast known as the **Feast of the Archangels**. Each of these archangels has a specific role in the divine plan, serving as messengers and protectors of God's people.

 Archangel Michael, Leader of the Heavenly Army

Role: He is the protector of the Church and is often depicted as a warrior defending heaven from the forces of evil. In the Book of Revelation, Michael leads the heavenly army against Satan.

Patronage: He is the patron saint of soldiers, police officers, and those in battle.

Depictions: Typically shown with armor, a sword or spear, and a shield, sometimes standing over a defeated dragon or demon.

 Archangel Gabriel, Messenger of God

Role: Gabriel is known for delivering important messages from God. His most famous appearances are in the Book of Daniel, where he explains visions, and in the New Testament, where he announces the births of John the Baptist to Zechariah and Jesus to the Virgin Mary (the Annunciation).

Patronage: Gabriel is the patron saint of messengers, postal workers, and telecommunications.

Depictions: He is often portrayed with a lily, symbolizing purity, or with a scroll.

 Archangel Raphael, Healer of God

Role: Raphael is known as a healer and guide. In the Book of Tobit, he guides Tobit’s son Tobias and helps to heal Tobit’s blindness. Raphael’s name means "God heals."

Patronage: He is the patron saint of travelers, healers, and those seeking guidance.

Depictions: Often shown with a staff, a fish (from the healing in the Book of Tobit), or sometimes walking alongside a young Tobias.

Significance of the Feast

Unity of the Archangel:  The feast day emphasizes the distinct yet complementary roles of the archangels in God’s plan. Their feast is a celebration of God's messengers who bring protection, healing, and divine guidance.

The archangels hold a special place in Christian tradition as protectors, healers, and messengers. Their feast day is a reminder of the ongoing spiritual battle and the presence of divine help in human affairs.

Saint Wenceslaus

 

Saint Wenceslaus, also known as Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, was born around 907 AD in present-day Czech Republic. He is remembered as a martyr and patron saint of the Czech state. Raised by his devout Christian grandmother, St. Ludmila, Wenceslaus embraced Christianity and sought to spread the faith in his rule as Duke of Bohemia.

When Wenceslaus came to power around 921 AD, Bohemia was a turbulent region, with conflicts between pagan and Christian factions. His efforts to consolidate the Christian faith and maintain peace with neighboring Germany earned him a reputation for being a just and pious ruler. Wenceslaus is especially praised for his charitable acts, devotion to the church, and his care for the poor. 

Significant Incident

The most notable incident in Wenceslaus' life was his martyrdom. His younger brother, Boleslaus the Cruel, led a conspiracy against him due to political differences and power struggles. On September 28, 935 AD, Boleslaus invited Wenceslaus to a feast in the town of Stará Boleslav under the guise of reconciliation. However, Boleslaus and his followers ambushed and murdered Wenceslaus on his way to church. His death is considered a martyrdom because Wenceslaus died for his Christian faith and values, and it led to his immediate veneration as a saint.

Wenceslaus' legacy is enduring, with his feast day celebrated on September 28. He became a symbol of Czech nationalism and Christian virtue, immortalized in the Christmas carol "Good King Wenceslas."

Saints Louis Martin and Zélie Guérin

 

Saint Louis Martin (1823–1894) is best known as the father of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, but his own life was marked by deep faith and devotion. He was born on August 22, 1823, in Bordeaux, France, into a military family. After an early desire to become a monk was thwarted due to health issues, he turned his attention to learning watchmaking, a trade he practiced with great success.

In 1858, Louis married Zélie Guérin, a lace-maker, and together they built a loving and devout home in Alençon, France. They had nine children, four of whom died in infancy, but their five daughters all became nuns, including the future Saint Thérèse of Lisieux. Louis and Zélie raised their children with a strong sense of faith, charity, and devotion to God's will.

Significant Events in Louis Martin's Life:

1. Marriage to Zélie Guérin (1858): This union was central to his life. Both Louis and Zélie were declared saints together in 2015. Their shared spiritual journey and dedication to family life became the foundation for their daughters' religious vocations.

2. The Death of His Wife (1877): After Zéli noe’s death from breast cancer, Louis moved with his daughters to Lisieux. Despite his grief, he remained deeply committed to their spiritual formation.

3. Therese's Entry into Carmel (1888): Louis supported Thérèse's early desire to join the Carmelite convent, despite her young age. His willingness to let go of his youngest daughter for a life of contemplation showed his trust in God’s plan.

4. Suffering and Illness (1887-1894): In his later years, Louis suffered from arteriosclerosis and spent the final years of his life incapacitated by strokes. His suffering was a source of spiritual strength for Thérèse, who wrote about how she admired her father’s courage and faith during his illness.

Louis Martin’s example of fatherhood and faith was key in shaping the sanctity of his daughter, Thérèse. He was beatified along with his wife Zélie in 2008 and canonized in 2015. Their shared feast day is celebrated on July 12.

Saint John Henry Newman

 

Saint John Henry Newman (1801–1890) was an influential theologian, Anglican priest, and later a Catholic cardinal who played a significant role in religious thought in England during the 19th century. He was born in London and educated at Oxford, where he became a leading figure in the Church of England and a founder of the Oxford Movement, which aimed to bring the Anglican Church closer to its Catholic roots. 

Early Life and Anglican Ministry

Newman was ordained as an Anglican priest in 1825, and his early ministry was marked by deep theological reflection and academic achievements. He became the vicar of St. Mary’s University Church, Oxford, where his sermons gained a large following. His work with the Oxford Movement, which began in 1833, sought to emphasize the continuity of the Anglican Church with the early Christian Church and to revive certain Catholic traditions.

Conversion to Catholicism

The most significant event in Newman’s life occurred in 1845 when he converted to Roman Catholicism. This decision was the culmination of years of theological study and reflection, especially on issues of church authority and apostolic succession. His conversion shocked Victorian England, where anti-Catholic sentiment was strong, and it brought great personal and professional costs. However, it also made him famous, as his conversion was seen as a major intellectual victory for Catholicism in England.

 Catholic Priesthood and Cardinalate

After his conversion, Newman was ordained a Catholic priest in 1847. He went on to found the Birmingham Oratory in 1849, a religious community based on the Oratorian model established by St. Philip Neri. His writings during this period, including his autobiography *Apologia Pro Vita Sua* (1864), defended his religious views and recounted his spiritual journey, restoring his reputation and earning him widespread respect.

In 1879, Pope Leo XIII made Newman a cardinal in recognition of his contributions to Catholic theology and his defense of the faith. He remained a prominent intellectual figure, writing on a wide range of topics, including the development of Christian doctrine, conscience, and the relationship between faith and reason.

 Legacy

Newman’s work has had a lasting impact on both the Catholic and Anglican traditions. He was canonized by Pope Francis on October 13, 2019, becoming the first English saint of the modern era. His writings continue to be influential in areas of theology, education, and the understanding of conscience. 

His contributions to education, particularly in his founding of the Catholic University of Ireland, and his ideas on the role of the laity in the church, are also notable.

The most significant event that made Newman famous was his conversion to Catholicism in 1845, which marked a turning point in his life and significantly influenced religious life in England. His intellectual rigor and defense of Catholicism through his writings solidified his status as one of the most important religious figures of his time.

Saint Pio of Pietrelcina

 Saint Pio of Pietrelcina (1887–1968), commonly known as Padre Pio, was a Capuchin friar and priest renowned for his piety, charity, and the mystical phenomena attributed to him, such as the stigmata.

Early Life

Born Francesco Forgione on May 25, 1887, in Pietrelcina, Italy, Padre Pio was raised in a devout Catholic family. From a young age, he felt drawn to religious life and entered the Capuchin friary at age 15, taking the name Pio. He was ordained as a priest in 1910, but due to health issues, he spent several years recovering in his hometown.

 Stigmata and Mystical Experiences

One of the most remarkable aspects of Padre Pio's life was the stigmata he bore for 50 years, from 1918 until his death in 1968. These were wounds resembling those of Christ's crucifixion, appearing on his hands, feet, and side. Despite extensive medical examinations and scrutiny by both Church and secular authorities, the cause of these wounds remained a mystery.

 Spiritual Gifts

Padre Pio was believed to possess numerous spiritual gifts, including bilocation (the ability to be in two places at once), prophecy, healing, and the ability to read souls during confession. He was a sought-after confessor, spending hours in the confessional daily. Many people experienced deep conversions after speaking with him.

 Significant Events

- 1918: Stigmata Appear – While praying before a crucifix in the monastery of San Giovanni Rotondo, Padre Pio received the visible stigmata, which he carried for the rest of his life.

- World War II: Healing and Protection – Padre Pio reportedly helped many soldiers during World War II through prayer and miracles, including protecting his town from bombings.

- Conflict with the Church– Due to the widespread attention surrounding the mystical phenomena, Padre Pio was subject to investigations and restrictions by Church authorities. At one point, he was prohibited from publicly celebrating Mass or hearing confessions, though these restrictions were later lifted.

1956: Foundation of the Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza – Padre Pio founded a hospital, the Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza ("Home for the Relief of Suffering"), which became a major center for medical care and research.

 Later Life and Canonization

Padre Pio died on September 23, 1968, and was canonized by Pope John Paul II on June 16, 2002. His feast day is celebrated on September 23. Today, he remains one of the most beloved modern saints, attracting pilgrims from around the world to San Giovanni Rotondo, where his tomb is located.

His life is a testimony to faith, suffering, and the power of prayer.

St. Matthew

 Saint Matthew’s Story

Matthew was a Jew who worked for the occupying Roman forces, collecting taxes from other Jews. The Romans were not scrupulous about what the “tax farmers” got for themselves. Hence the latter, known as “publicans,” were generally hated as traitors by their fellow Jews. The Pharisees lumped them with “sinners” (see Matthew 9:11-13). So it was shocking to them to hear Jesus call such a man to be one of his intimate followers.

Matthew got Jesus in further trouble by having a sort of going-away party at his house. The Gospel tells us that many tax collectors and “those known as sinners” came to the dinner. The Pharisees were still more badly shocked. What business did the supposedly great teacher have associating with such immoral people? Jesus’ answer was, “Those who are well do not need a physician, but the sick do. Go and learn the meaning of the words, ‘I desire mercy, not sacrifice.’ I did not come to call the righteous but sinners” (Matthew 9:12b-13). Jesus is not setting aside ritual and worship; he is saying that loving others is even more important.

No other particular incidents about Matthew are found in the New Testament.

Reflection

From such an unlikely situation, Jesus chose one of the foundations of the Church, a man others, judging from his job, thought was not holy enough for the position. But Matthew was honest enough to admit that he was one of the sinners Jesus came to call. He was open enough to recognize truth when he saw him. “And he got up and followed him” (Matthew 9:9b).

Saints Andrew Kim Taegon, Paul Chong Hasang, and Companions

 Saints Andrew Kim Taegon, Paul Chong Hasang, and Companions’ Stories

The first native Korean priest, Andrew Kim Taegon was the son of Christian converts. Following his baptism at the age of 15, Andrew traveled 1,300 miles to the seminary in Macao, China. After six years, he managed to return to his country through Manchuria. That same year he crossed the Yellow Sea to Shanghai and was ordained a priest. Back home again, he was assigned to arrange for more missionaries to enter by a water route that would elude the border patrol. He was arrested, tortured, and finally beheaded at the Han River near Seoul, the capital.

Andrew’s father Ignatius Kim, was martyred during the persecution of 1839, and was beatified in 1925. Paul Chong Hasang, a lay apostle and married man, also died in 1839 at age 45.

Among the other martyrs in 1839 was Columba Kim, an unmarried woman of 26. She was put in prison, pierced with hot tools and seared with burning coals. She and her sister Agnes were disrobed and kept for two days in a cell with condemned criminals, but were not molested. After Columba complained about the indignity, no more women were subjected to it. The two were beheaded. Peter Ryou, a boy of 13, had his flesh so badly torn that he could pull off pieces and throw them at the judges. He was killed by strangulation. Protase Chong, a 41-year-old nobleman, apostatized under torture and was freed. Later he came back, confessed his faith and was tortured to death.

Christianity came to Korea during the Japanese invasion in 1592 when some Koreans were baptized, probably by Christian Japanese soldiers. Evangelization was difficult because Korea refused all contact with the outside world except for taking taxes to Beijing annually. On one of these occasions, around 1777, Christian literature obtained from Jesuits in China led educated Korean Christians to study. A home Church began. When a Chinese priest managed to enter secretly a dozen years later, he found 4,000 Catholics, none of whom had ever seen a priest. Seven years later there were 10,000 Catholics. Religious freedom came to Korea in 1883.

Besides Andrew and Paul, Pope John Paul II canonized 98 Koreans and three French missionaries who had been martyred between 1839 and 1867, when he visited Korea in 1984. Among them were bishops and priests, but for the most part they were lay persons: 47 women and 45 men.

Reflection

We marvel at the fact that the Korean Church was strictly a lay Church for a dozen years after its birth. How did the people survive without the Eucharist? It is no belittling of this and other sacraments to realize that there must be a living faith before there can be a truly beneficial celebration of the Eucharist. The sacraments are signs of God’s initiative and response to faith already present. The sacraments increase grace and faith, but only if there is something ready to be increased.

St. Joseph of Cupertino

 Saint Joseph of Cupertino’s Story

Joseph of Cupertino is most famous for levitating at prayer. Already as a child, Joseph showed a fondness for prayer. After a short career with the Capuchins, he joined the Conventual Franciscans. Following a brief assignment caring for the friary mule, Joseph began his studies for the priesthood. Though studies were very difficult for him, Joseph gained a great deal of knowledge from prayer. He was ordained in 1628.

Joseph’s tendency to levitate during prayer was sometimes a cross; some people came to see this much as they might have gone to a circus sideshow. Joseph’s gift led him to be humble, patient, and obedient, even though at times he was greatly tempted and felt forsaken by God. He fasted and wore iron chains for much of his life.

The friars transferred Joseph several times for his own good and for the good of the rest of the community. He was reported to and investigated by the Inquisition; the examiners exonerated him.

Joseph was canonized in 1767. In the investigation preceding the canonization, 70 incidents of levitation are recorded.

Reflection

While levitation is an extraordinary sign of holiness, Joseph is also remembered for the ordinary signs he showed. He prayed even in times of inner darkness, and he lived out the Sermon on the Mount. He used his “unique possession”–his free will–to praise God and to serve God’s creation.

St. Robert Bellarmine

 Saint Robert Bellarmine’s Story

When Robert Bellarmine was ordained in 1570, the study of Church history and the fathers of the Church was in a sad state of neglect. A promising scholar from his youth in Tuscany, he devoted his energy to these two subjects, as well as to Scripture, in order to systematize Church doctrine against the attacks of the Protestant Reformers. He was the first Jesuit to become a professor at Louvain.

His most famous work is his three-volume Disputations on the Controversies of the Christian Faith. Particularly noteworthy are the sections on the temporal power of the pope and the role of the laity. Bellarmine incurred the anger of monarchists in England and France by showing the divine-right-of-kings theory untenable. He developed the theory of the indirect power of the pope in temporal affairs; although he was defending the pope against the Scottish philosopher Barclay, he also incurred the ire of Pope Sixtus V.

Bellarmine was made a cardinal by Pope Clement VIII on the grounds that “he had not his equal for learning.” While he occupied apartments in the Vatican, Bellarmine relaxed none of his former austerities. He limited his household expenses to what was barely essential, eating only the food available to the poor. He was known to have ransomed a soldier who had deserted from the army and he used the hangings of his rooms to clothe poor people, remarking, “The walls won’t catch cold.”

Among many activities, Bellarmine became theologian to Pope Clement VIII, preparing two catechisms which have had great influence in the Church.

The last major controversy of Bellarmine’s life came in 1616 when he had to admonish his friend Galileo, whom he admired. He delivered the admonition on behalf of the Holy Office, which had decided that the heliocentric theory of Copernicus was contrary to Scripture. The admonition amounted to a caution against putting forward—other than as a hypothesis—theories not yet fully proven. This shows that saints are not infallible.

Robert Bellarmine died on September 17, 1621. The process for his canonization was begun in 1627, but was delayed until 1930 for political reasons, stemming from his writings. In 1930, Pope Pius XI canonized him, and the next year declared him a doctor of the Church.

Reflection

The renewal in the Church sought by Vatican II was difficult for many Catholics. In the course of change, many felt a lack of firm guidance from those in authority. They yearned for the stone columns of orthodoxy and an iron command with clearly defined lines of authority. Vatican II assures us in The Church in the Modern World, “There are many realities which do not change and which have their ultimate foundation in Christ, who is the same yesterday and today, yes, and forever” (#10, quoting Hebrews 13:8).

Robert Bellarmine devoted his life to the study of Scripture and Catholic doctrine. His writings help us understand that the real source of our faith is not merely a set of doctrines, but rather the person of Jesus still living in the Church today.

St. Cornelius

 There was no pope for 14 months after the martyrdom of Saint Fabian because of the intensity of the persecution of the Church. During the interval, the Church was governed by a college of priests. Saint Cyprian, a friend of Cornelius, writes that Cornelius was elected pope “by the judgment of God and of Christ, by the testimony of most of the clergy, by the vote of the people, with the consent of aged priests and of good men.”

The greatest problem of Cornelius’s two-year term as pope had to do with the Sacrament of Penance and centered on the readmission of Christians who had denied their faith during the time of persecution. Two extremes were finally both condemned. Cyprian, primate of North Africa, appealed to the pope to confirm his stand that the relapsed could be reconciled only by the decision of the bishop.

In Rome, however, Cornelius met with the opposite view. After his election, a priest named Novatian (one of those who had governed the Church) had himself consecrated a rival bishop of Rome—one of the first antipopes. He denied that the Church had any power to reconcile not only the apostates, but also those guilty of murder, adultery, fornication, or second marriage! Cornelius had the support of most of the Church (especially of Cyprian of Africa) in condemning Novatianism, though the sect persisted for several centuries. Cornelius held a synod at Rome in 251 and ordered the “relapsed” to be restored to the Church with the usual “medicines of repentance.”

The friendship of Cornelius and Cyprian was strained for a time when one of Cyprian’s rivals made accusations about him. But the problem was cleared up.

A document from Cornelius shows the extent of organization in the Church of Rome in the mid-third century: 46 priests, seven deacons, seven subdeacons. It is estimated that the number of Christians totaled about 50,000. He died as a result of the hardships of his exile in what is now Civitavecchia.

Reflection

It seems fairly true to say that almost every possible false doctrine has been proposed at some time or other in the history of the Church. The third century saw the resolution of a problem we scarcely consider—the penance to be done before reconciliation with the Church after mortal sin. Men like Cornelius and Cyprian were God’s instruments in helping the Church find a prudent path between extremes of rigorism and laxity. They are part of the Church’s ever-living stream of tradition, ensuring the continuance of what was begun by Christ, and evaluating new experiences through the wisdom and experience of those who have gone before.

St. Notburga of Eben

 

St. Notburga of Eben (1265–1313) is venerated as a saint in Tyrol, Austria. She is known for her piety, compassion for the poor, and dedication to hard work. Notburga served as a kitchen maid for Count Henry of Rattenberg, where she gave leftover food to the poor. After being dismissed for her generosity, she became a servant to a peasant family in Eben.

Key Incident:

One famous event in her life was when she was working in the fields during harvest season. As it was Saturday evening, she wanted to stop work and observe the Sabbath. Her master disagreed and insisted she continue working. According to legend, Notburga threw her sickle into the air, and it miraculously remained suspended until the master relented and allowed her to stop for the Sabbath. This event symbolizes her deep faith and the miraculous protection granted by God for those who observe religious practices. 

After her death, she became a beloved local saint, and her shrine in Eben is a pilgrimage site.

St. Ailbhe

St. Ailbhe, also known as St. Ailbe or Albeus, is regarded as one of the early Irish saints and a key figure in the spread of Christianity in Ireland during the 5th and 6th centuries. He was born around 450 AD in Munster, Ireland. Legend says he was abandoned as a baby and was found and raised by a wolf, a story often compared to the myth of Romulus and Remus. Later, a Christian man discovered him and took him in, eventually leading to Ailbhe’s Christian upbringing.

Ailbhe was a disciple of St. Patrick and played a crucial role in the conversion of the Irish people, particularly in the southern parts of the country. He eventually became the first bishop of Emly, a diocese in Munster, where he founded a famous monastery that became a center for religious teaching.

Important Incident

The incident that made St. Ailbhe famous is tied to his encounter with King Aengus of Munster. According to tradition, Ailbhe helped convert King Aengus and his court to Christianity, solidifying the Christian faith in that region. This conversion played a significant role in establishing Christianity as a dominant religion in Munster. Additionally, Ailbhe's association with miracles and his reputation as a holy man spread his fame beyond Ireland.

St. Ailbhe’s feast day is celebrated on September 12. He is revered as one of the "Twelve Apostles of Ireland" and is a significant figure in Irish Christian history.

St. Paphnutius

 St. Paphnutius of Thebes was a 4th-century Egyptian bishop and an important figure in the early Christian Church, especially known for his role in defending orthodox teachings and promoting leniency in church practices.

 Early Life and Monasticism:

Paphnutius was originally a monk in the Egyptian desert under the guidance of St. Anthony the Great. His time in the desert made him well-known for his ascetic lifestyle and deep spirituality. Eventually, he was consecrated as a bishop of a diocese in the Upper Thebaid (Egypt).

 Role in Persecution and Suffering:

During the reign of the Roman Emperor Maximinus Daia, Paphnutius was arrested and persecuted for his Christian faith. He was severely tortured, losing his right eye, and his left leg was hamstrung. Despite these sufferings, he remained steadfast in his faith, which earned him great respect among both clergy and laity.

 Council of Nicaea (325 AD):

The most significant event that brought Paphnutius widespread recognition was his role in the First Council of Nicaea. This council, convened by Emperor Constantine, aimed to resolve disputes in the Christian Church, particularly over the Arian heresy.

Paphnutius famously defended the clergy's right to marry. At the time, some bishops proposed that all clergy, even those married before ordination, should adopt celibacy. Paphnutius, who was himself celibate, argued that married priests should not be required to separate from their wives, stating that marriage was honorable and supported by scripture. His appeal was accepted, and the council decided not to impose mandatory celibacy on married clergy, a significant decision in the history of the Church.

 Legacy:

St. Paphnutius is remembered as a staunch defender of orthodoxy, a compassionate advocate for leniency regarding clerical marriage, and a symbol of Christian endurance during persecution. His contributions to the Council of Nicaea helped shape the early practices of the Church.

His feast day is celebrated on September 11.